How could Wireless Communications be made more secure

Introduction Wireless communication is by far the most widely spread and fastest growing sector of the communication industry. It has mesmerized our civilization to a great extent. According to Brian Fling, â€Å"The telephone is undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions of mankind. It revolutionized communications, enabling us to reach across great distances and share thoughts, ideas and dreams with our fellow man, making the world a much smaller place in the process.† (Fling, 2009, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on How could Wireless Communications be made more secure? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The telegraph network, invented by Samuel Morse in 1838 opened the path of wireless communication and was furthered by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895, when he transmitted the three-dot Morse code by the help of electromagnetic waves. Thus radio communication came into existence. There has been a multif arious growth in this segment. Amongst the segments of wireless communication, cellular technology has been the most popular and widely accepted technology. The reason of the popularity of cellular technology is its simplicity in handling. Further in this paper, we shall discuss about the cell phone technology, our area of research. The Cell Phone Technology Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. According to Ian Poole, â€Å"A number of people worked on transmitting sound over wires. In 1857 an Italian-American named Antonio Meucci developed a primitive telephone system but, coming from a poor background, he was unable to obtain any financial backing. The traditionally acknowledged inventor of the telephone was a Scot named Alexander Graham Bell.† (Poole, 2006, p.2). Subsequently, radio telephones for cars were invented, in which there was a central antenna in each city that could cater to a maximum of 25 channels. Not many people could use this service. Moreo ver, it was a limited distance service, to be precise, for up to a distance of 70 km. After many modifications done over the years, we have the phone in its present shape. The market of mobile phones and cordless phones gathered pace and today these are one of the most sought consumer products. Cellular phone, called cell phone in slang usage, also known as mobile phone, is a kind of telecommunication that uses short-wave analog or digital transmissions. The subscriber’s mobile phone is connected (wireless) to the nearest mobile tower (transmitter). A mobile phone should not be perplexed with a cordless phone because the latter has a very limited wireless connectivity to its base phone. The ‘Mobile Telephone Service’ (MTS) was launched in St. Louis in the year 1946, with three channels and manual operation. MTS was launched by Motorola in collaboration with the Bell System. The services were very popular, but since they were limited, a new service namely, the â⠂¬ËœImproved Mobile Telephone Service’ (IMTS) was launched in the year 1964.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simultaneously, ‘Radio Common Carrier’ (RCC) was also launched. During the 1980s, the ‘Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS) was launched that put an end to the IMTS and RCC systems. In all these systems, the phone user had to remain in a particular cell area while talking. He/she could not move out because the reuse of frequencies was not yet started. Martin Cooper and some other employees of Motorola namely, Richard W. Dronsuth, Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangster, invented the first car phone in 1973. Motorola was the first company to launch a formal mobile phone, for public use, in 1983. The model was called ‘Motorola Dyna TAC 8000X, weighing 2 pounds and a battery that had to be recharged every half an hour of talk time. The cost of this phone was $3,995. Motorola got approval for its phone from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Earlier, mobile phone was a luxury product owned only by a selected few rich people, but today mobile phone has become a necessity. Martin Cooper had said, â€Å"People want to talk to other people – not a house, or an office, or a car. Given a choice, people will demand the freedom to communicate wherever they are, unfettered by the infamous copper wire. It is that freedom we to vividly demonstrate in 1973.† (as cited in about.com) Modus Operandi of Cell Phones Now let us discuss how cell phones work. Let us take an example of any particular city. Supposedly, there will be many carriers in that city. Each carrier has around 830 different frequencies to use. The carrier divides the city into small cells which allow wide-ranging reuse of the frequency throughout that city . As a result, numerous people can use the service at the same time. Normally, a cell is designed to cater about 26 km. Each cell can be portrayed as part of a huge hexagonal grid. A tower is placed at the centre of the cell so that it covers a vast area. The following diagram will further explain the theory: Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on How could Wireless Communications be made more secure? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Owing to usage of low-power transmitters, cells that are apart can reuse the same frequency. In the above diagram, the same frequency can be reused by the cells with red outline. A cell is supported by a tower and a room that has the required equipment. In an analog system, seventh part of the available duplex voice channels is used by a cell. As a result, each cell has its own separate frequency and there is no chance of collision. In analog system, two frequencies are used per cal. Each cell has 56 available voice channels. The use of digital transmission increases the number of available channels and as such, more people can talk at a given time. A typical example is the ‘Time Division Multiple Access’ (TDMA) system that increases the available up to three times. Other examples of digital transmission system are the ‘Code Division Multiple Access’ (CDMA) and the ‘Global System for Mobile Communication’ (GSM). The transmissions emitted by a cell phone and a base station are low-powered. Low-powered transmissions have a dual benefit. Firstly, the transmissions of a particular cell are so adjusted that they remain within their cell’s limits. As a result, as we can see in the above diagram, the cells with the red outline can reuse the same frequency over and again. Secondly, cell phones consume less power which requires small batteries. This very fact has made the cell phone a reality. Inter cell communication Each c ell phone has its own typical code that is used as an identity of the owner. This code also provides details about the phone and the network provider. Following is the sequence of happenings when someone tries to call. When a phone is switched on, it first searches for the System Identification Code (SID) through the control channel. SID is basically a five digit number that is unique for each mobile phone. Control channel is the frequency at which the phone and the base station connect to each other and communicate about the call set-up and channel changing. In case the control channel is not found, it means the phone is out of range and a message of ‘no service’ will be flashed on the mobile phone screen. Once the SID is communicated, it is compared to the preset SID of the mobile phone. If both the SIDs are same means that two mobile phones of the same home system have been connected. Simultaneously, a registration request is also transmitted by the mobile phone. Th e Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) keeps a record of the mobile phone’s location so that it knows the particular cell in which the mobile phone is located and can call the mobile phone when it needs to. When someone calls on the mobile phone, it is first received by the MTSO. In turn, the MTSO tries to locate the mobile phone by looking into the database for its location. Once the cell has been identified, the MTSO then matches the frequency of the mobile phone with the available frequencies so that it can pick the right one. Then once the mobile phone and the tower switch on to that frequency, the call is supposed to be connected. Consequently, the conversation starts. While on the move, when the mobile phone reaches the edge of its cell, the signal strength starts diminishing. But at the same time, the cell towards which the mobile phone is moving starts receiving its strong signals. The base stations of these two cells communicate with each other and at some partic ular point, the frequency is changed and the mobile phone is automatically switched on to the other frequency. While on Roaming A mobile phone is said to be in roaming if its SID is not matching with the SID of the cell where it is located. The base station of this cell contacts the home base station of the mobile phone. Once the home base station confirms the validity of the SID, the local MTSO is communicated about it and henceforth that particular MTSO matches its frequency with that of the mobile phone and tracks its movements through its cells. Comparing Mobile Phones with Citizens Band Radios Until we understand the difference between mobile phones and citizens band radios (CBs), we might as well not be able to appreciate the sophistication of mobile phones.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Well, there are two kinds of devices; simplex and duplex. Walkie-talkies and CBs are examples of simplex devices. It means two people communicate with each other using the same frequency. This means that only one person can talk at a time. Once he finishes his talk, only then the person on the other end can talk. But a mobile phone is a duplex device where two frequencies are used at the same time. So persons at both the ends can speak at the same time and listen as well. There is only a single channel in a walkie-talkie, forty channels in a CB radio, but a mobile phone has more than 1664 channels on which it can communicate. The range of a walkie-talkie is one mile, that of a CB radio is five miles, but for a mobile phone, there is no limit if it keeps on getting frequencies while on the move. This is possible because of the cell theory that we discussed earlier in this paper. Components of a Mobile Phone The following are the main components of a mobile phone: Circuit board, An tenna, Liquid crystal display (LCD), Keyboard, Microphone, Speaker, and Battery. The circuit board in considered to be the heart of the mobile instrument. It consists of several chips that do different functions. The analog to digital chip converts the outgoing audio signals from analog to digital, and the digital to analog chip converts the incoming audio signals from digital to analog. The digital signal processor (DSP) does the signal manipulation calculations at very high speed. The microprocessor is designed to deal effectively with the base station and also to co-ordinate other functions. The storage for the phone’s customized features is provided by the ROM and flash memory. The RF and power section deal with the FM channels and recharging, respectively. The signals coming to and going from the antenna are managed by the RF amplifiers. The liquid crystal display (LCD) is the screen where all the information is displayed. During the years, the size of this LCD has beco me bigger and bigger due to the incorporation of games, internet facility, calculator, etc. in many of the new generation mobile phones. Access Technologies In order to transmit information, the following three technologies are used by mobile phone networks: Frequency division multiple access (FDMA), Time division multiple access (TDMA), and Code division multiple access (CDMA) It is not difficult to understand the meaning of these technologies. The last two words in all the three of them are ‘multiple access’. This means that multiple people can use the services at the same time. The first two words tell us the access method based on which the calls are split. In FDMA, each call is assigned a different frequency. An example of FDMA is a radio station. In TDMA, some portion of time is assigned to each call on any particular frequency. TDMA is more commonly used by the Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Association. The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) also uses the TDMA as its access technology. In CDMA, each call is given a separate code. Future Trends in Mobile Technology It is difficult to keep up with the pace of development in the mobile industry. We buy a latest mobile phone today and in a few days we see a newer model, with better features, being launched. According to Ron Schneiderman, â€Å"With the number of mobile phones approaching one billion globally, the opportunities for equipment manufacturers, service providers, and users are tremendous. Market projections vary widely, but most analysts agree that at least half of all mobile devices used for Internet access will eventually also be used for mobile commerce.† (Schneiderman, 2002, p.3). One cannot predict the exact future of the mobile technology, but based on studies, following are the future trends. Mobile Projector The initiative in mobile projection was taken by Samsung by launching its Beam model. Although the features were p rimitive, yet it has paved the way for more advanced projector phones. This kind of development will be helpful for conferences and meetings where projects are to be discussed. People will not have to wait for the plugging in of laptops. They will be able to view the presentations instantly. Seeing the pace of inventions in mobile technology, the day is not far off when we shall have video conferencing over the mobile phone. Three dimensional imaging In future, the architects should be able to make holographic projections of their designs. It will prove to be a boon for the designing industry. The medical professionals also will be able to do holography of the complete body. But this feature might take some time. Crystal clear imaging Today also we have mobile phones that have great clarity in the pictures taken. But in future, there might be even better options. An example is the Nokia N8 smart phone which has an eight megapixel camera and Carl Zeiss optics. All these features are bound to increase the price of the handsets, but people, who can afford, are more concerned about the features than the price. Safety In near future, we can expect to trace victims of any accident, by the help of the signals from their mobile phones. This will enable the authorities to save their lives by reaching at the accident spot in time. Eye dialing Won’t it be nice to have such a phone where, while driving, we’ll be able to eye-dial a number with the help of a display that is fixed at the level of our head? Well not only this but even projected keyboards and touch pads are going to be a reality in the coming years. Full fledge computer During the years, the processors have become smaller and smaller but powerful. So in future we might expect a mini processor that could be fitted into our mobile phones and then we won’t need our desktops anymore. 4G The launch of 4G is not far away. When 3G was launched, people thought what more could they get in a mobile. But there is no limit to the technology. After 4G, there are very bright chances of 5G to hit the market by the year 2020. The speeds will be even faster. Finger based security Fujitsu is working on a security system for mobiles, based on the fingerprints and it won’t be long enough for this new technology to be launched. This will save professionals from the embarrassment of losing company information. Download based on identity This is also a feature that is being developed, where any personal downloads will be possible only after the identity of that person is established. Eco-friendly mobile handsets This feature might not be of concern to most of us but Sony Ericson has already taken an initiative by launching Green Heart. It has lower carbon emissions and recycled plastics have been used in the production. Solar charging This is another eco-friendly feature that we can expect in the near future. Instead of the usual electric charging, the battery will have inbuilt sola r cells. â€Å"The mobile phone would appear to be the preferred personal communications device for the foreseeable future although it will most likely develop as a hybrid of other information communication technologies rather than replace them.† (Hamill et al, 2005, p.103). Companies Engaged in Mobile Technology Mobile technology has a bifurcation. On one side are the handset manufacturers and on the other are the service providers. But both are inter-related and dependent on each other. Following are the top handset manufacturers Nokia Samsung LG Apple ZTE Other manufacturers include Motorola, Sony Ericson, HTC, Micromax, Nexian, Blackberry, Siemens, Alcatel, Philips, Panasonic, etc. Following table shows the top five manufacturers of mobile handsets by market share in the second quarter of 2011. Manufacturer Percentage of share according to survey by Gartner Percentage of share according to survey by IDC Nokia 22.8% 24.2% Samsung 16.3% 19.2% LG 5.7% 6.8% Apple 4.6% 5.6% ZTE 3.0% 4.5% Others 47.6% 39.7% Source: Wikipedia Following are some of the mobile service providers in the world China Mobile (China) Vodafone (United Kingdom) America Movil (Mexico) China Unicorn (China) Telefonica – Movistar (Spain) T-Mobile (Germany) France Orange / France Telecom – Orange (France) Norway Telenor (Norway) Bharti Airtel (India) TeliaSonera (Sweden) Regulatory Issues It has been almost 35 years since mobile technology was developed. Since then, there has been a lively relation between the industry and the regulators. Initially, it was thought that forcing more regulations will hamper the competition amongst the industry. So for many years, there were no regulations. But the unexpected vigorous growth of the mobile industry has forced the governments of different countries and at different levels, to initiate certain directives for the functioning of the mobile industry as a whole. According to Cellular, â€Å"The huge growth in subscribers and services over public mobile networks has set new challenges of establishing technical and ethical standards for provision of services as well as ensuring compliance with regulations that directly apply to mobile industry.† (Cellular) A majority of the regulations have been centered on the spectrum that the federal government has channeled to the commercial wireless industry. A change in the FCC administration has been welcomed because the new administration has come out with a new agenda in order to remodel the telecommunication industry. One of the major manufacturers of mobile phones is Ericsson. According to Ericsson, â€Å"The mobile broadband revolution is putting regulators under pressure to license new spectrum. However, spectrum is a scarce resource – and distributing it on a piecemeal basis without a comprehensive plan for the whole band could lead to fragmentation and country-specific allocations.† (Ericsson) Mobile phones are controlled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) by way of certain regulations. Following are the some of the recent regulations surrounding the mobile industry The National Broadband Plan – Spectrum According to this plan, the available broadband services across the country are to be expanded. According to Dan Meyer, â€Å"The FCC’s audacious plan to unlock up to 300 megahertz of new spectrum over the next five years and 500 megahertz over the next 10 years has drawn considerable interest. The plan recently received backing of President Barak Obama.† (Meyer, 2010) Freedom of Spectrum The underused spectrum that is currently under the control of television giants is to be freed. The government has already earned tens of billions of dollars by spectrum and now it plans to gain more by auctioning the available spectrum. Regulations on Broadband A Notice of Inquiry was recently passed (3-2 vote) by the FCC in order to develop a guideline of new regulations for the b roadband services. Differences between small and large operators It has been observed that certain big companies have special access to the government programs. The FCC plans to regulate such practice. The Telecom Act This act was an amendment of the Communications Act of 1934. It was signed by President Bill Clinton in the year 1996. There were two important regulations included in this act. Firstly, the internet was also included in the broadcasting and allotment of spectrum and secondly, cross ownership of media was allowed. Global implications Radiation Today we can see a mobile phone in the hands of almost everyone. Studies have proved that the waves emanating from the mobile phone are hazardous to the human health. In this regard, Amy Rosenthal wrote, â€Å"Recent research shows long-term cell phone use associated with a higher risk of health effects, so the current standard may not adequately take into account the potential effects of a lifetime of cell phone talking, especi ally for those who begin at a young age.† (Rosenthal, 2009). The following are the acceptable radiation levels for different parts of human body Head – less than or equal to 1.6 W/kg Whole body – less than or equal to 0.08 W/kg Hands, wrists, feet, and ankles: less than or equal to 4 W/kg Misappropriation of information From past experiences we have noticed that some people with wrong intentions match the frequencies and get information that is being transmitted. This information is then misappropriated and used for the disadvantage of the human race. Sensitive data in wrong hands Mobile phones have come a long way as far as the features are concerned. The operating system and huge available memory allow people to store company information so that it can be retrieved at times of urgencies. But such acts can prove to be dangerous if the handset is lost or misplaced. If it falls in wrong hands, it can be used against the company. According to an article in Smart Da ta, â€Å"A lot of sensitive information is easily accessible on your phones these days, especially with the trend of using personal devices in workplace environments. Corporate emails, social media accounts, and bank apps are on our phones to check at our own convenience on a daily basis with most of our passwords saved on each account for easy access.† (Smart Data, 2011) References About.com. Martin Cooper – History of Cell Phone.  Web. Cellular. International Legal Regulatory Issues in Mobile. Web. Ericsson. Regulating Mobile Broadband.  Web. Fling, B. (2009). Mobile Design and Development. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, Inc. Hamill, L., Lasen, A. (2005). Mobile World – Past, Present and Future. Surrey, U.K.: Springer. Meyer, D. (2010). Regulations remain Stiff Challenge for Mobile Industry.  Web. Poole, I. (2006). Cellular Communications Explained: From Basics to 3G. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Ltd. Rosenthal, A. (2009). 3 Ways FCC Rules Fail to Protect Children from Cell Phone Radiation. Web. Schneiderman, R. (2002). The Mobile Technology. New York: AMACOM Div American Management Association. Smart Data. (2011). Mobile security: How safe is Your Data? Web. This term paper on How could Wireless Communications be made more secure? was written and submitted by user Wyatt Gibson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Are You Utilizing Your LinkedIn Profile Sections

Are You Utilizing Your LinkedIn Profile Sections There many often-overlooked sections you should consider adding to your LinkedIn profile.  LinkedIn frequently adds new sections appropriate for special groups like artists and students, for activities like volunteerism, and for skills like languages. You might fall into one of these categories and be at a disadvantage to the artist who completed a portfolio; the student who completed the student section; or the volunteer with a robust Volunteering Causes section. Furthermore, you might be at a loss when attempting to include all the aspects of who you are into your profile unless you utilize some of these special sections. LinkedIn used to have a section called Specialties, and you might have it in your profile. Here’s a sample of what a Specialties section might look like (this person is a specialist in LinkedIn): (You might also simply list your specialties at the bottom of your Summary). Here is a sample of the more recently popularized section for listing your skills: Skills Expertise: But I already have a Specialties section Isnt Skills redundant? Should you fill out the Skills section even if you already have a Specialties section? YES! If you have a Specialties section (not everyone does, as explained above), then both the Specialties and Skills Expertise sections are important areas in which to list your keywords. Whether or not you have a Specialties section, the Skills Expertise section is your best opportunity to appear in searches conducted for people with your skills. The Specialties section gets searched when people do an Advanced Search, and the Skills Expertise section is searchable from https://www.linkedin.com/skills/ or from the Skills Expertise section of anyones profile (hover over one of the skills and click on it for a list of people in your network with that skill). To add the Skills Expertise section, go to Edit Profile and look to the right. You will have a list of sections Recommended for you. Chances are if you don’t have a Skills Expertise section, LinkedIn will recommend that you add one! If you do not complete these two sections (or at least the Skills Expertise section), you will lose a lot of leverage in LinkedIn searches. You also will not be able to get Endorsements if you do not have a Skills Expertise section. Endorsements can be used by recruiters to confirm that you have the skills you claim to have! Can I reorganize my sections? YES! LinkedIn made it possible to move your sections around. On your Edit Profile page, just click on the plus sign to the left of the section name and you can drag the section to wherever you want it. Are you utilizing the new LinkedIn profile features?   I’d love to hear your feedback on the difference adding these features makes for your LinkedIn profile. Save

Jane Eyre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Jane Eyre - Essay Example Mrs. Reed is a selfish and hard-hearted person. She spoils her horrible children and hates Jane her niece. She is the antagonist of the childhood of Jane and through her Jane develops hatred against injustice. She is also cruel and oppressive. Despite John Reed a child, he is a bully. He reminds Jane of her poverty and pushes her around. He is also spendthrift and extravagant. He gambles, goes to brothels, gets into debts and leaves college. He is stubborn and threatening. He threatens to hurt his mother and commit suicide. Finally, he kills himself. Georgiana is attractive – has many admirers. She is also egocentric and selfish as all she speaks about herself. She does not give a damn when her mother falls sick and the brother dies. Eliza appears nasty to Jane during her childhood. She is jealous of Georgiana because boys flock to her. She spends her entire life detached and lonely. She is also hypocritical as she becomes a nun to get away from the world of people and not tha t she wants to serve God. As the school superintendent, miss temple appears to be extremely kind and caring. On the other hand, Miss Scratchers, a teacher, seems to be unpleasant, harsh and cruel. Miss scratched treats harshly Helen. Miss Temple has a good attitude towards others. She believes the story of Jane and offers her seed cake and tea together with Helen. She does not give in the idea of cutting the girls’ hair. She appears to Jane as being compassionate and reverent which is not the case to Miss Scatched.

The Role of Social Institutions in Society Essay - 1

The Role of Social Institutions in Society - Essay Example The infrastructure of education uses a model of standardized testing and curriculum to ensure that students across the country share the same ideological framework. The education system is invasive because it controls the methodology through which individuals perceive history and the function of other institutions that make up the social nexus (Berger, 1966). For example, the dissemination of information regarding the history of mankind focuses on the history of nation states (Berger, 1966). This creates a society where individuals believe that the existence of a government is inevitable and are therefore not capable of perceiving a reality that extends beyond it. The deepest values of society are taught within this institution, from political organizations to capitalism. Regardless of the political party that individuals align with or the method through which they accumulate capital, they still value participation within these systems (Berger, 1966). Social values are shared by indi viduals who make up community. Such values help define the parameters of a culture and characterize the individuals within it. The educational system is an effective social institution that helps embed such values in growing citizens. As a social institution, the educational system is the most pervasive as well as the most effective at ingraining social values in individuals. Works Cited Berger, P. L. and T.

The Jungle (by Upton Sinclair) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Jungle (by Upton Sinclair) - Essay Example Big businesses were enjoying an unprecedented reign of opportunism and the welfare of members of the public had begun to seriously deteriorate. Sinclair’s focus in this book was to expose the corrupt practices and the unsanitary conditions that were rampant in the meatpacking industry. This book was published in 1906 and it was successful in snaring the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt, who set up a commission to enquire into the meatpacking industry which finally resulted in the passage of the Beef Inspection Act. The story focuses upon the ordeals of one Lithunian family that is forced to reconsider its idealistic view that hard work and morality will lead to material success and happiness. The reality they encounter is that America is a place of greed and exploitation, where it is only immorality, corruption, crime and graft which are the means that will ensure material success. Sinclair’s book demonstrates how immigrants who came to America with the will to work hard in their pursuit of the American dream, were victimized, harassed and exploited. Throughout the book â€Å"The Jungle,† Sinclair focuses upon the meatpacking industry in Chicago but uses it as a means to demonstrate the evils of capitalism. According to Sinclair, capitalism breeds social inequality and an obsession with the accumulation of wealth that leads individuals to engage in unscrupulous practices for the express purpose of garnering wealth. Through the events in the book, Sinclair suggests that capitalism is a system that benefits only a few individuals and big businesses, hence it needs to be replaced with an alternative system such as capitalism which works for the benefit of everyone and ensures that the common man is not exploited by greedy capitalistic elements. Throughout the early part of the book, Sinclair therefore focuses on demonstrating the evils of capitalism, which in effect, destroys the many for the benefit of the few.

The World Tourism Organization

The World Tourism Organization World Tourism Organization defined tourism as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. Tourism Industry is well developed from an insignificant activity to the current worlds largest industry since World War Two. In developed countries, people travelling domestically as well as travelling to less developed countries had increased. Since tourism industry had increased tremendously, as a result, tourism industry had become one of the industries which strongly influence an economy of a country. Therefore, individual countries had to develop more attractions to sustain tourism. Hence, key concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, values and ethics of sustainable tourism and the needs of sustainability shall be discussed in this essay. Sustainable Development is an industry that aims to meet the needs of the people while protecting the environment, meeting the needs not only for the present, but also the ability to meet future generations needs. As mentioned, tourism industry has been increasing over the years as more people are interested to spend their time in nature. As a result, ecotourism has become the one of the fastest growing sector in the tourism industry. Greater numbers of tourist make it more likely that natural attractions and wilderness habitats will be at risk. Therefore, officials in charge for these areas will have to shoulder a huge responsibility for handling challenges and to decide how tourism development can be sustained over long term. Proper Planning is very important for sustainable development as planners must know the importance that consumers resources will creates waste and require certain kinds of infrastructure. It creates an issue over consumption of resources. Private investments take this opportunity to maximize its profits. This multi-faceted nature makes control tough. The challenge of sustainable development faced is to balance these facts and it can only be done only through integrated, cooperative approaches involving all directors and related activities in the area. Ecotourism create opportunities for villages, remote areas and natural resources as long as government aims to increase the numbers of tourist in these attractions and locals do participate in the process. Values There are values in Tourism which may allow to sustaining tourism and locals to lead a better future. Therefore, locals and tourist playing a part to sustain tourism are crucial. Economic sustainability Economic sustainability is focusing on improving the living standard of the locals and activities is properly maintained in the long term, creating opportunities in tourism, leisure and regeneration. Ecotourism is usually calculated as the economic value added in relation to its aggregated ecological impact. This idea has been popularized by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) under the following definition: Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively-priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earths carrying capacity. (Desimone and Popoff, 1997: 47) Ecotourism and social sustainability are working closely together to achieve an increase economic sustainability. In the process, both natural and social capitals were used to aim to benefit from a win-win situation. Social Sustainability Social sustainability has a focus on understanding human rights and provides equal opportunities in the society, recognizing and respecting individual cultures and avoids exploitation. Social sustainability shows the relation between a companys value added and its social impact. These can be either positive or negative. Corporate giving and creation of employment are examples of positive relations and accidents in workplace, mobbing of employees, abusing human rights are negative examples. The types of impact on socio-efficiency either try to minimize negative social impacts or maximize positive social impacts. Environment Sustainability Environmental sustainability is the process on conserving and managing resources, especially resources that are non renewable, making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as naturally as possible based on ideal-seeking behavior. Unsustainable situation occurs when natural resources are used up faster than it replenished. Sustainability requires humans activities only uses natural resources necessary, at a rate that natural resources can be replenished naturally. Sustainable Tourism Sustainable Tourism is an industry which committed to obtain a low impact on the local culture and environment, while helping to boost the economy and decrease the unemployment rate for the locals. Sustainable Tourism is a continual process of improvement, ensuring a positive experience for Travel Agencies, tourists and even locals themselves and also applies in cities, resorts, rural and protected areas. Sustainable Tourism aims to conserve the environment while boosting economy, obtaining environmental benefits and socio-cultural. Sustainable Tourism not only allows tourist to have a better knowledge about the country they are visiting but also helps locals to learn about tourists culture. Sustainable Tourism expects the participations from the locals, which also provide locals an opportunity to improve their living standard. Above all, Sustainable Tourism stresses pointedly upon integrity of the tourist places. Tourism sector must be planned and managed suitably with the current and increasing numbers of tourist. Sustainable development of tourism is only possible when its follows its guidelines and principles. Principles of Sustainable Tourism Minimizing Environmental Impacts Tourism should know the importance of both local and global environmental issues. Tourism should preserve the visual quality of landscapes and prevent having an impact on the environment by minimizing water, land, pollution of air and generation of waste. Tourism should also seek attention to matters like greenhouse gas emissions and usage of non-renewable resources. Achieving Conservation Outcomes Tourism should preserve natural resources like natural areas, habitats, wildlife and even using the profits from these resources to enhance the qualities to attract more tourists visiting the country. Such achievements not just attracting more tourists, but it also an instrument in telling a story and invoke an emotional response from tourists. Tourism and Conservation can be achieved from a mutually beneficial alliance. Being One of a Kind One of the keys factor to be a successful and sustainable tourism is to achieve a difference from other competing destinations. It can be obtained by developing and marketing on the strengths and attributes of the Country. Attractions that relevant to the culture, history, lifestyle and natural resources of the Country are most likely to be successful. As it can tell a story about the features of the attraction, as a result, providing a more rewarding experience to tourists while conserving natural resources of the destinations. Community Values Tourism is able to reflect community values which means, representing the present, past and future aspirations of the Country community in a living and dynamic way which preserve the past. In order to obtain a richer tourism experience, adding values to current strengths is crucial, which include sales outlets or dining accommodation, in association with established industries. Understanding and targeting the market Understanding the needs, the broad market trends and expectations of specific segments is crucial which involves the development of specialized products based on the inherent attributes of an area. Ethics Platform towards Tourism Ethics which also know as moral philosophy is a philosophy which questions about morality, concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong and justice. Ethical are often to be subjective. World Tourism Organization has published a global code for tourism but we are unable to view ethics on the basis of individual as we all have to understand, every individual have their own perspective. Pro and Cons Certainly, we are unable to correct people whom does not practice codes of ethics as they have their own believe, and people hates a third party to correct their believe. There are certain guidelines to allow people to practice good codes of ethics and people who practices good codes of ethics are definitely a role model to follow. Below are some examples of good code ethics and bad code of ethics. Good codes Gain commitment of leader in organization and front line workers. Offer clear statement of objectives, expectations, obligation and rules, a continuous flow of information and a resolution system which is transparent. Outline meaningful benefits for participation. State negative repercussions if principles are not complied with. Bad codes Not backed by action, lead to deceptive or misleading advertising, bring bad publicity, leading to a loss of consumer trust, discourage competition and encourage collusion, create an uneven playing field and attracts negative attention. These are cases that people exploiting tourist just because they are unfamiliar with the area, taking advantage of the situation and aim to have an easy income; charging more than the market rate. Implications Tourism is one of huge industries that influence the global economy. Above, this essay had shown the importance to achieve sustainability in tourism with good codes of ethics. But in a global context, can it be accomplish? Is achieving sustainability in tourism for the benefits for everyone? Government in individual country definitely will not allow other governments to take advantage of their own land and every government wants the best out of it. Therefore, if every government tends to have such mindset, it will only bring harm to their people and the economy. The Horns of the Dilemma the Dilemma that one cannot solve both crises at once (Sachss 1999) In Burma, Burmese are forced to make way for huge new tourism development from their home. In India, locals have to walk miles to get water just because of hotels build nearby siphon it off from the groundwater for their own excessive uses. Achieving sustainability may be unethical because it benefits some while the costs are born by others, usually the lower income groups or poorer nations (Stabler 1997) Adaptive paradigm Sustainable tourism must be regarded as an adaptive paradigm that accommodates both weak and strong interpretations of the sustainable development idea. (Hunter 1997) Weak sustainable tourism strategies which also know as anthropocentric approach, apply to environments like town areas where protection of natural habitat become irrelevant. Hotels, Resorts and Theme parks are modes of tourism which stresses on the word development in Sustainable development and it can be influenced by the Advocacy Platform. Strong sustainable tourism strategies which also known as biocentric approach, is when even a small movement in tourism-related activity could cause an unacceptable environmental costs. According to Adaptancy platform, any form of action that consequences are unknown, should be avoided. This approach stresses on the word sustainable in Sustainable development and it can be influence by both, Advocacy Platform and Adaptancy Platform. Conclusion Tourism industry has now become one of an influential industry to the global economy and it is also the creator of jobs across the globe. To sustain tourism, sustainable developments and sustainable tourism are crucial and have to be well planned and managed, as these two elements play a big role to sustain tourism. Everybody do also have a part to play to sustain tourism, they must all share a same vision to preserve the natural resources to meets the current and future generation needs. Government should host more programs to allow locals to understand the importance of protecting the resources that they have and not taking them for granted. Inconsiderate behavior should be minimize and practice good ethic behaviors. Developers should consider for the locals, respecting their human rights when they are planning an investments and not purely ignore them. Locals should invite tourist with a smile in their country, giving them a good experience upon leaving the country, and not having the idea of making easy income. As this will only leaves a bad impression in tourist when leaving, making them thinking twice visiting into the country again. With all people playing a part to this tourism industry, locals will only improve their living standards and people having a wider knowledge for individual culture and enjoying themselves without any worries even they are at an unfamiliar environment and last but not least, boosting the global economy.

Time Waltz :: essays papers

Time Waltz Oriana walked down the hallway, her mind back in a time about a millennium ago. Her people had learned much about the past from historic documents and paleontologists’ findings, and now, through technology, she was going to witness it live. Her people had built a time slider. Now she could go back in time and learn the truth about the North American Indians. She mentally went through her list...†Let’s see...I’ve taken my hair and skin pigmentation pills, and had my eyes colored...I have my clothes waiting, my pouch with my time remote, my taser, and my communicator. All I need now is the languagechip.† Oriana walked into the equipment room, and Erel jumped. â€Å"I am not used to seeing you in Native American pigmentation!† He debriefed her once more about her mission, as he set her down and slipped the languagechip in the facilitator and then used it to put the chip in her brain. Then she changed into an authentic buffalo hide dress and boots. She fastened a bone knife to her boot, and added some rope to her pouch. â€Å"There. Now you are all set.† â€Å"Thanks, chief.† They walked to the time slider’s warping chamber, silent, both a little nervous. Erel reminded her to be careful, and what not to do, and what to do. They shut the door behind them and then Oriana walked into the portal. Everyone else, already stationed, began to get ready. â€Å"Ready, Riana?† â€Å"Yes, Erel. Fire it up.† The time keeper began the count down. â€Å"10...9....8† Oriana swallowed. Erel wiped the sweat from his brow. â€Å"5..4...3† The lights around the portal began to glow. The base began to vibrate. â€Å"2....1! GO!† The lights flickered, the room shook, and the air seemed to erupt with the sound of roaring engines. Oriana screamed, Erel yelled, the other operators struggled to stay calm. Suddenly the lights got bright, then totally dark. The room seemed to rumble and shake. Then it was over. Oriana was gone. Erel switched the communicator on and called to her frantically. â€Å"Oriana! Come in! Did you make it all right?† â€Å"Erel? Yes...I’m fine. I am not sure where I am, though. I am going to explore a little. I will be back in a little.† She switched off her communicator excitedly and started to look around.

Rise And Growth Of Taliban History Essay

â€Å" The Taliban was portion of our past and your yesteryear. The ISI and CIA created it together. It was a monster created by all of us, but we forgot to do a remedy of it†¦ They ‘re sort of a malignant neoplastic disease created by Pakistan and America, and the universe. â€Å" A Asif Ali Zardari on TalibanIntroductionBy 1994, after holding overthrown the Soviets, Afghanistan had disintegrated into a hodgepodge of viing groups and switching confederations. The preponderantly cultural Tajik authorities of President Rabbani held Kabul and the nor'-east of the state, while the Northern states remained under the control of Abdul Rashid Dostum and other warlords. Ismail Khan controlled the Western states around Herat, and the country to the South and East of Kabul were in the custodies of warlords such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. The Eastern boundary line with Pakistan was held by a council of mujahidin, and the South was split between tonss of ex-mujahideen and brigands, who used their control of the roads to extort money from the cross-border trade with Pakistan.[ 1 ] In late 1994, a new motion emerged in the South, prehending control foremost of Kandahar and so of the surrounding states. Its leaders took the name of their group Taliban, from the plural of talib, an Arabic word denoting an Muslim pupil.[ 2 ]Beginnings of the TalibanThe most widely circulated theory is that the leading of the Taliban emerged from amongst the dissatisfied immature Afghan refugees analyzing in the spiritual schools around Quetta and Peshawar.[ 3 ] Soon after the Soviets sent their military personnels into Afghanistan in support of the Communist government in Kabul, General Mohammad Ziaul Haq, the so President of Pakistan, established a concatenation of ‘Deeni Madaris ‘ ( an outgrowth of the old madrassa educational system ) along the Afghan-Pakistan boundary line. He did so in order to make a belt of religiously-oriented pupils who would help the Afghan mujahidin to evict the Soviet forces from Afghanistan. The pupils in these Deeni Madaris were a mixture of Afghans and Pakistanis, with around 80 per centum of them being Afghans. The teaching staff were both Pakistanis and Afghans. After the autumn of Dr Najibullah,[ 4 ]spiritual schools began working in Afghanistan every bit good, particularly in the eastern states and in Herat.[ 5 ] The madaris non merely imparted spiritual instruction of kinds but more than that, they organised the pupils into hawkish groups who would be prepared to utilize force to repress their challengers. The 1s that produced the combatants were sent to Afghanistan to evict the Communists and subsequently to contend against those who they believed were non presenting an Muslim government in their state.[ 6 ]That is why they reportedly developed a disfavor for the bing Afghan groupings, which they blamed for brining approximately much of the decease and devastation in their fatherland.[ 7 ]The Taliban argued that they were making a stable Islamic province that the leaders of the jehad against the Soviets could non make.[ 8 ]Rise of the Taliban MovementImmediate Causes. The pathetic status in which the Afghans found themselves during this period ( 1992-1994 ) could be attributable to the bing mujahideen cabals. In Sep 1994, Mullah Mohammad Omar, a jehad veteran from Maiwand territory, of mere ly West of Khandahar, decided to work towards conveying about peace by evicting the pro-communists and presenting Islamic values in Afghanistan. Omar visited assorted mosques in his small town to garner support for his mission, and formed a group of Talibs along with arms and vehicles, which was provided to him by a mujahid commanding officer of Hizb-e-Islami. With this the Taliban motion had begun. The formal name given to the freshly created political cabal was Tehreek-i-Islami-i-Taliban Afghanistan. Later, permission was besides given for the commanding officers of The National Islamic Front of Afghanistan ( NIFA ) in Khandahar to fall in this new set of black-turbaned Islamic warriors by their head, in the hope that Taliban would convey about peace in Afghanistan. The strength of the Taliban shortly swelled.[ 9 ]The ages of their members varied from 15 to 50. The immature pupils who formed the group ab initio were shortly joined by experient combatants who had been active against the Soviets during the Afghan jehad. They excessively joined in helping the ‘war attempt ‘ . A cardinal shura was established in Khandahar, with Mullah Omar designated as the caput. The war attempt and all policies were being directed from his central office in Kandahar, which virtually became the capital of the Taliban-controlled countries of Afghanistan.[ 10 ]The Taliban leading, headed by Mullah Omar, emerged as a force that would bring around the state of factionalism, corruptness, and force that had prevailed of all time since the Soviet backdown. While there is no individual cause that brought the Taliban Islamic Movement of Afghanistan into prominence, several factors have been cited: – Pashtun individuality ; many of the warlords were from northern cultural groups. The combination of their seeable, although non to the full understood, piousness, coupled with bitterness against warlords perceived as Islamic. Financing, both holding beginnings of it, and being able to corrupt hard oppositions. Support from Pakistan, particularly Inter-Services Intelligence.[ 11 ] Due to defeat and war-weariness among the population in the South, the Taliban was ab initio good received. Its forces advanced quickly through Southern and Eastern Afghanistan, capturing nine out of 30 states by February 1995. The motion received strong backup from Pakistan ‘s ISI, which assisted in the enlisting of members and provided arms, preparation, and proficient aid. In 1996, the Taliban captured Kabul and, despite impermanent reverses, conquered the northern metropoliss of Mazar, Kunduz, and Taloqan in 1998.[ 12 ] By 2001, the Taliban controlled virtually all of Afghanistan. The lone exclusion was a little splinter of land North East of Kabul in the Panshjir Valley to which Ahmed Shah Massoud and his Northern Alliance forces had retreated. The Taliban instituted a inhibitory version of shari'a jurisprudence, censoring music, banned adult females from working or traveling to school, and prohibited freedom of the imperativeness. Afghanistan besides became a genteelness land for Jihadists and terrorists purpose on assailing the United States and other states.[ 13 ] The backdown of the Soviets in 1989 put an disconnected terminal to the American assistance being provided to the mujahidins. Subsequently, during the period from 1993 to 1996, which were important in organizing up the Taliban, both the political and military leading of Pakistan identified in Taliban, a proxy ground forces they could work to run into their aims. In 1994, the authorities of Pakistan under the leading of Benazir Bhutto, sought the aid of the Taliban in guaranting safe transition of their convoys through Afghanistan ; a undertaking which the Taliban executed successfully by overmastering the local warlords in the part. Their quest to suppress grew roots and they did go on to capture and govern most of Afghanistan ( about 90 % ) , till 9/11 reversed their lucks.

10 Things Successful People Do on Sunday Nights

10 Things Successful People Do on Sunday Nights Most people find that they dread Sunday evenings. The almost-time-to-go-back-to-work blues set in and the whole world seems to get a little bit more bleak. Even if you love your job, you’re probably not too jazzed about your weekend being over. But the secret to truly successful people, of course, is that they never stop working. And the hours between the weekend and the new workweek are almost always wasted. What if you could put them to better use?Here are a few strategies to get a leg up on the week ahead and set yourself up to be a huge success- or just make sure you use the leisure time available to you to maximize your enjoyment of your free time- which will refresh you best for whatever Monday brings.1. Have FunSuccessful people understand their weekday time constraints, and so they make sure to pack their weekend full of things that will relax and rejuvenate them. See family and friends. Do your favorite activities. And save something really fun for last. That way youà ¢â‚¬â„¢ll be extra focused on the fun part of Sunday night, rather than the less fun part of Monday morning. End on a high note!2. Work OutNever underestimate the power of endorphins. Do a bit of yoga, or a gym class, or a tennis game. You’ll find it centers you for the week ahead.3. Get OrganizedSit down with your calendar and start to plan things for the coming week. Set yourself goals and task lists. Just make sure not to stress yourself out.4. Eat HealthyAvoid the temptation to pig out on nacho pizzas. Try making a healthy evening meal instead. You’ll feel lighter and brighter when your alarm goes off on Monday morning.5. Catch UpSunday night can be a great time to catch up on all the emails, phone calls, and texts you’ve had to dodge during your busy workweek.6. UnplugPut down your phone. Shut your laptop. Don’t check your emails or your texts. Read a book instead, or watch a movie. Reflect on the week behind you and the week ahead. Disconnect for a minute before you have to plunge back into the world.7. VolunteerSundays are a great time to give back. Do something meaningful with your last free day. Put a little time and energy into helping others and your good vibes will carry you through.8. Tidy UpIf your week is super busy, chances are that is reflected in the state of your bag and wallet- crammed with bits of detritus and crumpled receipts. Clean out and reorganize. Make it look good for Monday morning and you’ll feel an extra boost. While you’re at it, try the same trick on your fridge. Toss out expired food and wipe your shelves.9. PlanPlan your outfits for the week. Your grocery list. Your breakfast! That leaves your morning free for clear thinking and concentrating on your day.10. SleepQuality sleep (and a good quantity of sleep) is crucial. You probably aren’t always able to get as much as you’d like. Make sure to make up for that on Sunday evenings.

How to Edit for a Friend

How to Edit for a Friend How to Edit for a Friend How to Edit for a Friend By Mark Nichol Many writers seek assistance from friends or family members for various projects, but this aid must be given and received with care. Here are some tips about asking for informal editing assistance and providing it. Editing for a friend or a family member is easily assumed to be a simple matter, but it requires clear communication about expectations. Different writing projects require various degrees of intervention, from proofreading to content editing to critiquing. (Many posts on DailyWritingTips.com discuss editing issues; search the site for â€Å"editing† to locate them.) Before asking for someone’s help with your resume, for example, it’s best to research formatting options and commit to your resume’s structure, and then perhaps simply ask for proofreading and/or advice about phrasing. Of course, if someone you know is knowledgeable about resumes, welcome more substantial feedback (though not everyone who evaluates resumes for hiring purposes is necessarily a good judge). Contradictory advice about resumes can be counterproductive, causing your confidence to be shaken. If you look at a friend or family member’s resume, generally, limit the extent of your response to the parameters of the person’s request, at least as far as marking up the document. However, a diplomatic comment about an excessive or minimal employment history, for example, is acceptable even if you’ve merely been asked to check for spelling and punctuation errors. College-admission essays are all about the applicant’s voice, not about his or her writing skill. Furthermore, an impeccably written essay might hinder rather than help: If the prospective student’s grades and test scores in English are not consistent with the writing caliber demonstrated in the essay, college admissions staff may see a red flag. If you do seek, or offer, assistance with an admission essay, the role should be that of a writing coach, not a ghostwriter (or even an editor). The idea is to help with the structure and depth of the essay, and to coax more vivid imagery and fresher phrasing, rather than rewrite sentences and replace words. If the document is a substantial work of nonfiction or fiction, agree on what type of assistance is to be given. â€Å"Does it work?† is a very different question than â€Å"Can you help me with my writing?† It’s not too much to request that someone read your novel and give you some general suggestions, but if you’re going to ask a friend or family member to spend many hours poring over it, commenting on plot, characterization, tone, structure, and the like (and, oh, yeah, correcting poor grammar and usage), you might as well hire the person rather than expect volunteer assistance. At this point, a professional editor will probably be more useful. Finally, understand that if you ask for editing assistance, expect a thorough housecleaning, not five minutes of dusting and straightening up. Assure your friend or relative that you will accept revisions or critiques with good grace, and honor that commitment. If you’re helping someone, even if he or she is confident, identify and communicate strengths and be diplomatic about weaknesses. And if the manuscript is substantial, ask for just an excerpt first, rather than the entire work. If the person’s writing skill is poor, it will be easier to simply offer some general comments or to suggest that you don’t feel up to the task. You’re welcome to be frank, of course at the expense of good relations with your relation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"How to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Down's Syndrome Children Require Unique Intervention Strategies For Essay

Down's Syndrome Children Require Unique Intervention Strategies For Them To Progress In Education And Socially - Essay Example The disorder manifest themselves in both neuro-developmental and neuro-psychological arenas but the simplest observation remains that it causes developmental delays which can range from mild to moderate learning disability to severe mental disability. (Deliz, 2008) Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder which occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 births. Chromosome 21's presence in the affected, which contains 225 genes which contribute to the phenotype and pathogenesis of Down syndrome is referred to as the main cause of this distinct neurobiological, genetic, psychological, developmental and medical disorder. (Hattori, 2000) It is recognized that a very high proportion of brain anatomy and verbal intelligence is governed by genetic control. These findings greatly influence the study of Down Syndrome patients, their genes and their resulting speech, memory, language and other cognitive functions. (Capone, 2004). Research has also shown that children. affected by Down syndrome have decl ining Developmental and Intellectual quotients and thus have deficits in verbal and linguistic skills. Patients may also possess weak sequential auditory memory skills but they remain more adept at visual-spatial based memory tasks (Varnhagen, 1987) . Researchers have concluded that early intervention programmes benefit the socially adaptive function but do little to improve the cognitive function or IQ. (Gibson, 1988). There is no uniform cognitive benefit of early intervention if specific learning and intervention strategies are not used. There are multiple reasons provided for these findings. They include complex neuro-behavourial syndromes which often means that the intervention method chosen for learning is not working at its prime and increasing the frequency or the intensity of the same method will not provide results. Rather there is a need for different intervention strategies specific to their needs. (Gibson D. , 1991) This means that early intervention of the right kind a t the right time is required for a positive cognitive difference. A common example of this phenomenon can be observed when a child does not achieve spoken language skills and phonological competence despite attaining cognitive skills and other language comprehension skills which support complex skills. (Kumin, 2000)These are a sign the verbal intervention means have failed and calls for intervention strategies based on vision-based communication. This vision based communication uses signs and pictures to lead to symbol-based language development. It should however be remembered that increasing the intensity of phonology based therapies is also frequently met with poor results. Another visible delayed or aberrant function in Down syndrome is the pervasive developmental disorder. Children might suffer from developmental regression or social, communication or behavourial impairment. These children then require prompt referrals for medical and neuro-developmental assessment leading to t he establishment of a vision based system of communication. The normal assumption regarding early intervention plans for Down syndrome children is that they are extremely beneficial. In fact most of these early intervention programs are mandated by the state and are provided free of cost. This directly results in a Down syndrome child receiving physical therapy and early education in the first year of his life. (Capone, 2004) Occupational and speech therapy often follow the course in the second year of life. Parents and therapists often assume that the purpose of this early intervention is to speed the pace of development and the role of this early in

Accounting Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting Research - Essay Example The mortgage-backed securities were discovered held in portfolios in banks and hedged in funds all over the world. This greatly affected the other commercial instruments. The stock in the US fell around 13% in fears of collapse of these banks. Investors soon withdrew their money from these banks which led to liquidity problems for the banks. In three days’ time customers had drawn  £2 billion. The crisis spread fast to investment funds and management funds that had been exposed to subprime debt. Most of the funds lost value of their assets e.g. Global Alpha hedge Fund lost 26% value; while others stopped valuing their funds due to complete evaporation of liquidity. With attempts by the Federal Reserve to stem the crisis by imputing more money into lending institutions and with the aim of gaining investor confidence, 2008 saw a complete turn of events. Loss of investor confidence in financial institutions spread to credit markets. A decline by 30% prices of market prices for commercial papers was felt. Fair value has been defined as that price which would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between the participants in the market at the measurement date (Laux, 827). The second level input was for direct or indirect observable market data which could be used to value assets with no observable prices. Market information was used to give the mark-to-model measurements (Healy, 6) Lastly the third level of inputs that entailed unobservable firm supplied estimates e.g. home price depreciation forecasts, resultant credit loss severity on mortgage related position et cetera (Healy, 7). The application of the FVA resulted in many financial institutions making huge write downs that eventually led to the subprime crisis. Level 2 and 3 inputs had to thorough explained. The